|
Film Spoilers and Surprise Endings T2 |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
| Film Title/Year and Plot Twist-Spoiler-Surprise Ending Description | |||||||||||||||||||||
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969)
In this Depression-Era drama about brutal, days-long dance contests called Monster Marathons (held on the Santa Monica pier), beleaguered, pained and anguished contestant-couples competed for the grand prize of $1,500. The contests for poverty-stricked dancers were led by sleazy dance promoter Rocky (Gig Young), ("It isn't a contest, it's a show"). In the film's surprise ending, marathon contestant Gloria Beatty (Jane Fonda) was depressed about her life and felt hopeless. She confided in her dance partner Robert (Michael Sarrazin) outside the music-hall late one night:
She removed a gun from her purse, to end her life. When she was unable to suicidally kill herself by pulling the trigger, she begged Robert to oblige ("Help me, oh please, please!"). He instructed her: "Tell me when," and then held the gun to her temple. When she responded: "I'm ready...now," he looked away and pulled the trigger. She imagined herself falling in a grassy field. Sirens were heard, and an ambulance loaded her body onto a stretcher. A policeman spoke with Robert as he was led to a paddy-wagon. He was asked why he did it - he answered: "Because she asked me to...They shoot horses, don't they?" It was a humane 'mercy killing' similar to putting horses out of their painful misery. Some of the film's fast-forwards had showed him subsequently on trial. The film ended with white-jacketed Rocky's last rousing lines to a dance-floor audience:
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||
The Thin Man Goes Home (1945)
This was the fifth of the six films in The Thin Man mystery series (from 1934 to 1947). It had the most elaborate and complex who-dun-it plot of the collection of films. All of the films starred dapper, frequently-inbibing private detective Nick Charles (William Powell) and his wealthy wife Nora (Myrna Loy). The plot accelerated when Nora accidentally purchased a painting (for retired Nick's birthday) that was a key element in an espionage ring working for a "foreign power." She unwittingly uncovered a plot to steal top-secret airplane propellor plans to sell on the black market. The blueprints (containing specifications) for the plans were to be smuggled out of the country. Local artist and aircraft factory worker Peter Berton (Ralph Brooks) had been hired to cover over the war factory's blueprint plans with his paintings. He was murdered on the doorstep of Nick's parents' home in Sycamore Springs in the film's opening before he could confess to Nick what he had done after he had a change of heart. It was discovered in the conclusion (when Nick assembled all the suspects in one room of his parent's home and described the crime) that the murders were committed by mousy Dr. Bruce Clayworth (Lloyd Corrigan) with a high-powered, WWII Japanese sniper rifle. When revealed as the killer, Clayworth threatened Nick with the rifle, but the PI had smartly removed the firing pin. |
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
This classic suspense/espionage film set in post-war Vienna opened with the funeral for American novelist Holly Martins' (Joseph Cotten) friend Harry Lime (Orson Welles) who was presumably killed in an automobile accident. As the film progressed, it was revealed that Harry had faked his death. He was a penicillin black marketeer who had killed or hospitalized hundreds of children with watered down drugs. About midway through the film came the famous scene of Harry's delayed appearance - an overhead light illuminated his enigmatic, smirking face in the dark shadow of a doorway, and a cat snuggled at his feet. The film ended with fugitive Harry Lime attempting to escape through the passageways of underground Viennese sewers. He crawled up a circular iron stairway to reach a grill-covered man-hole - his fingers clutched, curled, strained and poked through the sewer grill grating (filmed from the street level) as he desperately tried to push it up, but he had been weakened by a wound and was unable to move the solidly-jammed grill cover. Harry looked down wordlessly and appealed to his friend Holly, making a wink-like gesture or nod, to shoot. Ironically, it had been left to Holly to kill his oldest friend. A gunshot sounded offscreen - Holly's silhouette appeared at the end of the smoky tunnel - he had pulled the trigger and shot his friend dead. He had treacherously murdered and betrayed his oldest, closest and trusted friend. This death scene was followed by Lime's burial in the same cemetery that opened the film, with the exquisite closing sequence of Harry Lime's lover Anna's (Alida Valli) long and deliberate walk in between a row of trees and past a waiting Holly after Lime's second funeral. |
|
||||||||||||||||||||
The Thirteenth Floor (1999) (aka The 13th Floor)
This cyber-fantasy murder mystery and time-travel science fiction film had a tagline which provided its theme: "Question reality. You can go there even though it doesn't exist." The plot was adapted from Daniel Galouye's 1964 novel Simulacron 3. It also opened with Descartes' quote: "I think, therefore I am." It was the third VR film of its year, joining The Matrix (1999) and Cronenberg's eXistenZ (1999). The mystery began with the voice-over narration of a virtual reality (VR) worlds creator - a computer scientist and corporate magnate named Hannon Fuller (Armin Mueller-Stahl). He lived in modern-day LA (late 1990s), but was now in one of his alternate worlds. His first lines were: "They say ignorance is bliss. For the first time in my life, I agree. I wish I had never uncovered the awful truth." He had just had sex with a mistress in a swanky hotel room in the 1937 Wilshire Grand Hotel in LA. He was a regular hotel client that slept with young girls - but then suffered memory relapses about his life and affairs. By the bedside, he feared being silenced so he wrote everything down in a letter, to be read by "the only one who could possibly understand." He was referring to his protege, colleague and computer empire heir Douglas Hall (Craig Bierko) whose name was written on the envelope. He entrusted the letter to an unreliable psycho - the Wilshire's bartender Jerry Ashton (Vincent D'Onofrio). As Fuller left the hotel to be driven home, Ashton opened the letter and began to read its contents. Fuller's "link to simulation terminated" - and he was abruptly brought back from sepia-toned Los Angeles of 1937 to reality in the LA of 1998 - a parallel dimension set in the modern-day present. At this point, the film was bridging two different time frames. Fuller had just visited his most recently-created VR world of 1937 LA - it was his favorite computer simulation, a recreation of the era of his youth detailed with intricately-drawn characters ("its units are fully-formed, self-learning cyber beings...electronic simulated characters"). He was startled to find himself back at the AI firm of Intergraph Computer Systems in LA where he had worked with Douglas Hall for six years. Then around 11 pm, Fuller walked to a bar and phoned Hall at his home, mentioning that he had "stumbled onto something incredible - this changes everything." He stepped outside into a dark alley and was knifed multiple times in the abdomen by an unknown assassin. Hall, who also often suffered memory lapses and blackouts (a clue!), doubted his own innocence when he was considered a Fuller murder suspect (with a blood-stained shirt). During the 'real-world' murder investigation in 1998, Hall was questioned by black LAPD Detective Larry McBain (Dennis Haysbert), who believed that Hall had murdered Fuller. Thinking that Fuller was going to shut down the lucrative Intergraph company, a two billion dollar enterprise, Hall had killed him - to inherit his holdings as per his will. Beautiful blonde Jane Fuller (Gretchen Mol) appeared, just recently arrived from Paris, and claimed that she was Fuller's estranged, previously-unmentioned and unknown daughter. Participating in the 1998 world, Jane was attempting to gain control of the company and shut down the 1937 simulation, according to her father's wishes. To solve the mystery, the falsely-accused suspect Hall "jacked into" the virtual reality world of 1937 LA to discover the truth of the killing. Hall was helped by stoned, long-haired geeky programmer Whitney (Vincent D'Onofrio), his associate in the modern-day world, to enter the simulated world of 1937. He needed to find the mysterious letter (with a message) that Fuller had personally addressed to him. Each 1998 character also had a counterpart unit or "cyber being" in the earlier 1937 world (and also in a future world), per this chart.
With a two-hour time limit, Hall entered the 1937 world as bank teller John Ferguson. In the 1937 simulation, Hall/Ferguson took a Checker Cab to Pasadena to the antique shop of bookseller Grierson (also Mueller-Stahl), who also was having memory lapses, amnesia attacks and blackouts. The shopowner didn't recognize him, or know anything about Hannon Fuller or Douglas Hall when questioned. Hall/Ferguson also interrogated bartender Jerry Ashton at the Wilshire, who denied receiving a message from Fuller for Hall. Back in LA in 1998, Jane soon became Hall's femme fatale love interest (she told him after mentioning she thought they had met before: "Deja vu is usually a sign of love at first sight"). She provided him with an alibi (they had spent the night together) to release him after he was held for the murder of an alleged eye-witness (local bartender Tom Jones) to Fuller's death. Hall/Ferguson returned for a second time to 1937's LA, and this time, Grierson remembered that he had given the letter to Ashton. The bartender admitted to reading the letter and was angered to learn the truth about his artificial nature and the 1937 virtual world he was living in ("the world's a sham...it was all a sham, it ain't real"). He had done what the letter instructed - to go to the end of the world. He drove to Tucson, Arizona, plowed through a barricade, and saw the end boundary of the VR world. Frightened and psychotic, Ashton attempted to kill Hall/Ferguson with a gun ("How do you like having your life f--ked with?"), who barely escaped the system in time when yanked back by Whitney from 1998. Hall was determined to immediately stop and shut down the dangerous VR program:
Whitney was adamantly opposed: "You can't just pull the plug and go home." Next, Hall sought out 27 year-old supermarket clerk Natasha Molinaro (also Mol), who had a "funny feeling" that they had met before. Hall responded: "Maybe in another life." As Ashton had done, Hall drove to the end boundary of the LA world and discovered a green, wire-frame structure. He learned what Fuller had written to him:
In the film's twist, it was revealed that there were actually three parallel universes ("a virtual world within a virtual world", etc.). Hall phoned Natasha/Jane and informed her: "I know the truth." When they met in Fuller's computer empire building (the 13th floor housed the offices and supercomputers to run the VR simulations), they spoke about the interconnected worlds:
Then he declared there was one little "flaw" in her thesis: "None of this is real. You pull the plug, I disappear, and nothing I ever say, nothing I ever do will ever matter. Why don't you find my user? I'm sure he's a much better catch." Natasha/Jane then explained her "other life" in another world - she was married to Hall's 'user':
Hall felt that he wasn't real and asked how she could fall in love with him: "You can't fall in love with a dream." She responded: "You're more real to me than anything I've ever known." The real world (in present-day Los Angeles) was a virtual reality world of Los Angeles in the year 2024! ("There's another world on top of this one") Hall had existed in a computer program simulation (of present-day LA) when he traveled back in time to 1930s LA. Hall's future 2024 'real-world' model or counterpart user, named David, had begun to enjoy committing murders in 1998 via Hall’s body, to set him up for murder charges. David had become jealous when his 2024 wife Jane had fallen in love with the 1998 Hall character - who was full of integrity and kindness. Natasha/Jane and Hall slept together, causing further jealousy. As part of the VR game in the simulated world of 1998, Ashton (from 1937) took control of Whitney's body, while abusive user David (who jacked in and was controlling Hall's body again) met up with Ashton and killed him, and then, with mad jealousy, attempted to rape and murder Jane/Natasha ("Hi honey, I'm home. Did you miss me?...You're the one who's f--kin' sick. Falling in love with a f--kin' simulation....Just pretend you're f--king him"). She was saved when David was killed by Detective McBain. Afterwards, McBain, who sensed the existence of another controlling virtual world, asked Jane: "So, is somebody gonna unplug me, now?...Look, do me a favor, will you? When you get back to wherever it is you come from, just leave us all the hell alone down here, okay?" In the final brief sequence, Hall's consciousness went into David body, in the sepia-toned future world of 2024 (the year was identified by an LA Times newspaper headline) where he was jolted awake. David was in his futuristic bedroom, within a house next to a large body of water, wearing a VR game-playing simulator headset (used to venture back in simulated time). He was married to Jane, who also just put her headset away after returning from the simulated world of 1998. She greeted him as "Douglas" - pleased that her abusive husband's consciousness had been replaced by Hall's. He was amazed by his new world when they emerged on the balcony, and were greeted by Jane's father, Mr. Hannon Fuller, waving to them from the beach - very much alive and well. The film ended with Jane's final words to Doug/David: "My father. Fuller was modeled after him. There's so many things I have to tell you about, Doug." The screen's image turned off, as a computer monitor might, suggesting that this yellowish-tinged world of 2024 may have been another simulation. |
Jane (Gretchen Mol) Douglas Hall (Craig Bierko) The End of the 1998 World In the Year 2024 |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
At the conclusion of this suspenseful Hitchcock thriller, performer Mr. Memory (Wylie Watson) in the London Palladium revealed the meaning of the term "the 39 Steps" - it was the code name of the organization he was covertly associated with: "The Thirty-Nine Steps is an organization of spies, collecting information on behalf of the foreign office of..." Midway through his answer, he was shot by mastermind Professor Jordan (Godfrey Tearle) to silence him, but while dying was able to proudly recite to the film's hero, Richard Hannay (Robert Donat), the complicated scientific mathematical formulas of the secret documents that he had painstakingly memorized. He had memorized the complex secret formula about how to make silent aircraft engines that he was going to take out of the country - in his head! He began his memorized recitation: "The first feature of the new engine is its greatly increased ratio of compression represented by ..." As he recited the formula during his dying statement, Mr. Memory stumbled and skipped over his words, communicating how difficult it was to retain the information. But he finally reached the end of his memorization: "This device renders the engine completely silent. (To Hannay) Am I right, sir?" Hannay confirmed and answered: "Quite right, old chap." In the film's last line, Mr. Memory expressed relief to Hannay after completing another memorable performance, and then died in peace: "Thank you, sir. Thank you. I'm glad it's off my mind. Glad." |
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Thr3e (2006)
Evangelical writer Ted Dekker's best-selling novel was adapted for this horror mystery-thriller, directed by Robby Henson. It was unique in that it was a "Christian" horror film, the first theatrical release from Fox Faith (within 20th Century Fox), without the usual graphic violence, blood and gore, profanity and sex typical of the genre. As plot twists go, this one almost divulged the surprise ending by its title, and it appeared as an inferior knock-off of another religious-themed serial killer movie Se7en (1995) and portions of Fight Club (1999), Adaptation (2002), Identity (2003), and High Tension (2003). It opened as police psychologist/author Dr. Jennifer Peters (Justine Waddell) failed to rescue her brother Roy from a psychopathic serial-killer (and mad bomber) in the Seattle area known as RK, the Riddle Killer, who had strapped Roy in a VW Beetle wired with a car bomb timer. She realized Roy's location from a passage in her own book deposited with a local hot dog vendor. The RK taunted his victims with riddles, and also used a voice synthesizer to disguise his voice. Three months later, RK's next prey was St. George's Theological Seminary doctorate of theology student Kevin Parson (Marc Blucas), a morose "professional student" still writing his third-year graduation thesis on "The Nature of Evil." A cellphone caller threatened to blow his car up in three minutes unless he confessed his sin, and he was presented with a riddle - about opposites: "What falls but never breaks? What breaks but never falls?" ["Night falls and day breaks"] Both his car and his beloved dog Damon were soon obliterated. The film, taking place over three days, led one to falsely believe that the sin was something he had committed in his past. Kevin's background (seen both in flashbacks and in the current day) included an admiring childhood friend named Samantha Sheer (Laura Jordan as adult, Allanna Bale as child) - an insurance investigator and a potential girlfriend who suddenly appeared, his deceased parents from a car-bombing, an abusive, isolating, tiara-wearing lunatic Aunt Balinda "Princess" Parson (Priscilla Barnes), crazed fez-wearing Uncle Eugene Parson (Tom Bower) (his Aunt and Uncle were adoptive parents) - and their sheltered, obese mentally-handicapped adult son Bobby (Jeffrey Lee Hollis). To please the killer, Kevin publically confessed and apologized on TV to a sin that had plagued him with a guilty conscience since his childhood. 15 years earlier, he had locked up a threatening, bullying neighborhood Peeping Tom in an abandoned warehouse on Carmine Street and left him to die without telling anyone. It was possible that the 14 year-old boy had escaped and grown up to become the vengeful stalker RK, obsessed with threes. More bombs and threats reoccurred (including a #33 3rd Avenue bus that exploded at 3 pm). When Kevin came upon his duct-taped Aunt with a bomb attached to her in the basement of the garden shed behind his own childhood home, long-haired Richard Slater (Bill Moseley) identified himself as the Riddle Killer, telling Kevin: "They think you're me, the Riddle Killer...They think you and I are the same." Kevin and his real-life stalker were actually "opposites in the same person" - and Kevin, with this personality, was imitating or copying the real RK. Another revelation was that the boy Kevin locked away years earlier was another "alter ego in his own head" that had resurfaced and fought back for survival. It was a leadup to a third preposterous identity twist - Samantha, as well as Slater (the RK) and the Peeping Tom boy were three figments of Kevin's imagination! The twist was clear when in one shot, his alter-egos appeared only from his perspective, and Jennifer brought him back to reality: "There's no one in here except you, me, and Balinda." Young Kevin's (Bruno Jasienski) trauma was caused by his Aunt [she had duct-taped his mouth with the word "LIAR" and put him under a cold shower, among other things to punish him when he was a boy], and it brought on Kevin's dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia. He (as "Samantha") told himself that there were three natures of every human being: "The good, the bad, and the soul struggling in-between." The good (Samantha), the bad (the RK), and the struggling soul (Kevin) were the three elements, and Kevin was finally able to cause his two polar opposites to disappear. All the revelations were followed by a tacked-on coda resolving a loose plot thread about the identity of the real RK. The cops recalled an individual snapping pictures at Roy's crime scene ("He's right in front of you. He's holding a camera") from a newspaper clipping. The opening scene was replayed - Jennifer had raced to a hot dog stand (with the logo of an attack dog) and asked the vendor for a copy of her own book (Killing Mind) - placed there by the RK, for a clue in chapter 6, in order to find her captured brother across the street in a bakery. In the film's conclusion, the hot-dog vendor (Kai Schoenhals) was revealed as the real RK - he was apprehended, after which he told police officials he had planned to kill Kevin: "I intended to pay him a little visit. I can't stand copycats." Three months later, Jennifer visited Kevin, recovering at the State Mental Hospital. He told her: "I'm good." Earlier in the film, she had summed up the film's utter confusion in her description of the case: "There's something not consistent about all this." |
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Time Bandits (1981, UK)
In this Terry Gilliam fantasy film, young 11 year-old protagonist hero Kevin (Craig Warnock) journeyed through time and space with six dwarf thieves. They had appeared in his bedroom closet with a stolen master map showing magical time portals. The map allowed them to visit different time periods in history as "time bandits" - to acquire riches. They were in competition for possession of the map with the tyrannical, malevolent, shape-shifting Source of All Evil (David Warner). He wanted to possess the map in order to conquer the world and become the Supreme Being. At one point in the film, Evil chastized God:
Kevin and the dwarfs were aided by the Supreme Being (Ralph Richardson), a shiny disembodied head, to defeat the Evil Genius. Although the satanic figure was vanquished, a smoldering remnant of black rock or cinder ("concentrated evil") was left over. Once back in his own home, Kevin realized that his fantastical adventures weren't a dream (he saw his travel Polariod photos in his satchel), and that the remaining part of Evil, the smoking chunk, was in his burning house in the toaster oven! He yelled a warning at his self-centered, oblivious, materialistic parents (David Daker and Sheila Fearn) to not touch the chunk of evil: "Mom! Dad! It's evil! Don't touch it," but they didn't heed his warning and exploded. One of the firemen who rescued Kevin from his bedroom and helped to extinguish the fire exactly resembled King Agamemnon (Sean Connery) from Kevin's travels. Kevin was left alone, softly asking himself: "Mom? Dad?" as the camera pulled back into space to reveal his location on The Map (of the Known Universe) - which was rolled up and pulled away by the Supreme Being. |
|
||||||||||||||||||||
Timecrimes (2007, Sp.) (aka Los cronocrímenes)
Writer/director/co-star Nacho Vigalondo's low-budget feature debut film was a clever, brain-twisting sci-fi thriller and mystery film regarding a time travel loop - a familiar storlyine of many movies, including Twelve Monkeys (1995), Retroactive (1997), The Butterfly Effect (2004), Primer (2004), The Lake House (2006) and Triangle (2009). Three reenactments of the protagonist's circuitous yet logical time-travel were required to correct previous disastrous outcomes from earlier trips. There were only four actors in the film, but there were six different characters. The unwilling time-traveler was threatened by both his past and future selves. The film's muted color made it appear to be black and white - suggesting a creepy atmosphere. The thematic song running throughout was Blondie's "Picture This" - about voyeurism. The little-seen film played in no more than seven theatres in the United States, and grossed less than $50,000. It was scheduled to be remade by David Cronenberg. The Original Incident: Middle-aged, paunchy Spanish homeowner and businessman Hector (Karra Elejalde) (known as Hector 1) returned to his partly-renovated country home where he had just moved in with his wife Clara (Candela Fernandez). It was the weekend - as he relaxed on an outdoor lawn chair, he saw through a pair of binoculars a Girl (Barbara Goenega) remove her white T-shirt to go topless in some faraway bushes. When his wife left to buy food for dinner in town, he was lured to the dense backyard woods to investigate. [Note: He didn't know at the time that he was witnessing the beginning of an event that he had already participated in, because of time travel.] When Hector 1 approached, he saw the Girl's discarded clothes (her red pants and white T-shirt), and found her lying unconscious - and completely naked. Suddenly after ogling her breasts, he was attacked and stabbed in the right arm with a pair of scissors. He fled and hid behind a tree. Looking back, he saw that his (and her?) attacker was a maniac with a long dark coat, and his head was bandaged with a bloody-pink white towel (with eye slits). [Note: He had been attacked by time-traveling doppelganger Hector 2 - see "First Re-telling" below.] In his flight, he jumped a fence and came to a private neighboring estate (a research facility?) and broke in through a window. He bandaged his arm wound, picked up a walkie-talkie in one of the lab rooms, and communicated that he needed help to an unknown man in another building. He was told to stay calm and then join the man in the much safer area - a silo at the edge of the property (up a hill) - to escape pursuit from the pink-bandaged assailant. Hector 1 ran up a lighted pathway (it had turned dark) and into the silo, where he met a nerdy and bearded Scientist (Nacho Vigalondo), unnamed, who had directed him there. The Scientist then suggested that he hide ("He'll never think to look in there") by stepping inside an ominous white fluid-filled chamber or vat with a lid or hatch that could be lowered. Fearful after Hector 1 looked out a window where the bandaged man peered back at him, he jumped in.
The First Re-telling:
Hector 2 ("I'm the one wearing the bandage") contacted the Scientist again with the walkie-talkie. Hector 2 urged the Scientist to get Hector 1 up to the silo. Hector 2 drove from his house back to the location of the Scientist and crashed through the gate - he wished to time-travel again and become Hector 3 to fix things ("I have to do it"). On the outside of the building, he heard Hector 1 getting into the time-travel chamber. Hector 2 confronted the Scientist in the lab, who objected to his time travel, and had discarded one of the device's four batteries to prevent him. The Scientist argued: "This machine doesn't solve problems. In fact, it creates them." Hector counter-argued: "I just need a head-start on the other two." The Scientist was adamant: "If you travel into the past and alter events, and stop Hector 1 from getting in the tank, there will be three of you, which will likely cause a chain reaction of events beyond our control." Hector 2 said that if he could travel again and become Hector 3, he would follow Hector 2 up to the lab and "finish him off. We'd be one again." Then becoming suspicious, Hector 2 realized that the Scientist already knew everything that was to happen, and was trying to trick him. The Scientist admitted that was true - "because Hector 3 told me...the third one" - another major plot revelation. Hector 3 knew everything that would happen (and had urged the Scientist to prevent Hector 2 from time-traveling - "at all costs"). Hector 2 was very confused: "You mean to tell me the second trip I'm about to take was made already?...It makes no sense." However, he also realized that he had to time-travel: "I have no choice." The Second Re-Telling:
|
Hector and Clara Hector 1 The Girl (as Seen by Hector 1) Hector 2 Stabbing and Pursuing Hector 1 The Scientist The Attacker (Hector 2) with the Girl Hector 2 (without pink bandages) Entering Time-Travel Chamber ![]() Hector 3 with Scientist Hector 3 with The Girl Hector 3 with Wife |
||||||||||||||||||||
Greatest Movie Plot Twists, Spoilers and Surprise Endings
(alphabetical by film title)
Intro | A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | B5 | C1 | C2 | C3 | D1 | D2 | D3 | E1 | E2 | F1 | F2 | G | H1 | H2 | H3 | I | J-K | L1 | L2
M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | N | O | P1 | P2 | Q-R1 | R2 | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | T1 | T2 | T3 | U-V | W1 | W2 | W3 | X-Z


