HORROR FILMS

David Cronenberg's Unique Brand of 'Body' Horror:

The Dead Zone - 1983Subversive Canadian filmmaker David Cronenberg, known for disturbing sexual and 'body' horror with perennial themes of mutation and infection, made his directorial debut with his first major film Shivers (1975) (aka They Came From Within) about a group of Montreal high-rise apartment occupants on a sex and violence spree after being infected by parasites. His next notable film was Rabid (1977) starring ex-porn film star Marilyn Chambers (the ex "Ivory Snow girl") - in the lead role as Rose, a mutant predator with vampirish blood cravings following plastic surgery. [Chambers was one of the first adult stars to cross over into a mainstream film.] Cronenberg's graphic The Brood (1979) depicted the birth of murderous demon-children from an insane mother. Scanners (1981) involved psychic, telepathic warriors with mental powers strong enough to explode heads.

Other exceptional films from Cronenberg in the 80s and 90s included an adaptation of Stephen King's novel The Dead Zone (1983), Videodrome (1983) - an ambiguous film about thought-control from a pirated satellite TV signal, The Fly (1986) starring Jeff Goldblum and Geena Davis - an effective re-make of the 1958 original. And then Cronenberg's most successful film, the frightening psychological thriller Dead Ringers (1988) featuring two Jeremy Irons and gynecological instruments, was followed by Naked Lunch (1991), the slickly original Crash (1995), and the alternate reality flick eXistenZ (1999). Recently, he directed A History of Violence (2005) about the after effects of violence upon the family of a small-town restaurant owner named Tom Stall (Viggo Mortensen), and featured William Hurt's frightening, unsettling Oscar-nominated 10-minute role as volatile mobster Richie Cusack.

Wes Craven:

Nightmare on Elm Street - 1984Wes Craven also began his career in violent horror films in the 70s, with the low-budget shocker Last House on the Left (1972) (a re-tooling of Ingmar Bergman's The Virgin Spring (1960)) and The Hills Have Eyes (1977) - about brutal, desert-dwelling, hillbilly mutant cannibals stalking a family in the wilderness. His two most famous films were teen slasher flicks that spurred a flurry of imitations and sequels:

Scream's success brought about sequels in 1997 and 2000 - again with Neve Campbell as the terrorized teen and the few remaining characters from previous versions (Courteney Cox Arquette and David Arquette). The success of Scream was set up by his direction of the sequel Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994), the 7th film in the series, with original star Heather Langenkamp, Craven himself, and Englund all playing themselves. In Red Eye (2005), his 20th feature film, Craven added to his horror repertoire this psychological thriller set on board an overnight jetliner flight to Miami, with Rachel McAdams as the terrified passenger Lisa Reisert taken 'hostage' by stranger/passenger Jackson Rippner (Cillian Murphy).

Blaxploitation Horror Films:

The first of the so-called exploitative 'blaxploitation' films (with predominantly African-American casts, music and themes) was Melvin Van Peebles' controversial independent film Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971). It jump-started a whole series of similar films about black private detectives and gritty urban life. As the movement progressed, it merged with the horror film genre (and others too, such as the sci-fi genre), and produced re-hashed hybrid films with blaxploitation content, often spoofing the titles of famous horror films from the past:

Later blaxploitation films in the 90s with mostly horror themes included: Def by Temptation (1990), Candyman (1992) and its sequel Candyman: Farewell to the Flesh (1995), the western Posse (1993), Tales from the Hood (1995) (an anthology of 4 stories), Vampire in Brooklyn (1995) (a spoof starring Eddie Murphy), and Bones (2001) with rapper Snoop Dogg in the title role.

Horror in the 80s and 90s:

Many of the more successful horror films spawned inferior, low-budget, sickening slasher, 'schlock' or 'splatter' films in the 80s (and 90s). Most of these sequels or imitators were exploitative and featured shock, gory violence, graphic horror, 'teens in peril,' computer-generated special effects and makeup, and usually a homicidal male psycho who committed a progressive string of gruesome murders on female victims (where brutal killing/slashing/hacking metaphorically substituted for a rape). Many of these films told tales of a vengeful murderer motivated by some past misdeed or sexual perversity.

Friday the 13th (1980), the first of the horror genre's most recognizable horror series - with an astonishing number of sequels, ripped off more original films of the 70s (such as director Mario Bava's definitive slasher/gore film A Bay of Blood (1971, It.) - R-rated) with tales of terrorized teen camp counselors. It also inspired a TV series and several spoofs. Jason Voorhees, like the psychopathic Freddy Krueger before him in the Nightmare on Elm Street series, became a landmark name.

Child's Play (1988) was the first of a series of films about a bright, redheaded two foot-tall "Buddy" doll that was possessed by the soul and voice of evil and angry serial killer Charles Lee Ray (Brad Dourif) - it terrorized a young boy and his family. It was followed by two generic horror sequels in 1990 and 1991, and then Bride of Chucky (1998) that introduced a female serial killer doll Tiffany (voice of Jennifer Tilly) to infuse an element of black comedy. The fifth film in the series, Seed of Chucky (2004), directed by series screenwriter Don Mancini, was even more of a self-referencing horror/black comedy parody similar to Scream (1996), featuring numerous in-jokes (the gender-confused child of Chucky and Tiffany was named Glen/Glenda, a reference to the Ed Wood film; and Jennifer Tilly played herself, making references to her lesbian role in Bound (1996) with co-star Gina Gershon, etc.)

Fantasy Author H.P. Lovecraft and His Horror Tales:

Stuart Gordon's gory, cult-classic comedy about re-animated dead people, Re-Animator (1984) - was based on an H.P. Lovecraft serial tale, Herbert West—Reanimator. The twisted film was followed by additional sequels, also starring Jeffrey Combs as the demented medical student-turned experimental regenerator of dead bodies - Dr. Herbert West:

Another Lovecraft short story, From Beyond, was the basis of another Gordon/Yuzna collaboration, appropriately titled From Beyond (1986) - with the tagline "Humans Are Such Easy Prey", again featuring veterans Jeffrey Combs and Barbara Crampton. Many films have either been based upon or inspired by H.P. Lovecraft tales, such as the following:

Sequel Horrors:

In many cases, sequels of popular titles were designed to cash in on an initial film's success: for example, all of these films cranked out sequels too numerous to mention: Halloween, Poltergeist, The Exorcist, It's Alive, A Nightmare on Elm Street, The Howling, Hellraiser, Darkman, Chucky, and Scream. Here are other examples of the decreased (or sometimes imitative, uninventive) quality of horror films beginning in the 80s: Mother's Day (1980), Motel Hell (1980), Prom Night (1980), He Knows You're Alone (1981), I Spit On Your Grave (1981), My Bloody Valentine (1981), the comedy parody Student Bodies (1981), and Sorority House Massacre (1986).

Sam Raimi:

Evil Dead - 1982Writer/director Sam Raimi created some of the most exuberant, inventive, comic-book, tongue-in-cheek parodies with horror themes ever produced starring Bruce Campbell as the one-armed protagonist with a chain saw. The low-budget series began with The Evil Dead (1981) about a remote Tennessee cabin possessed by evil spirits and haunting five university students. It was followed by Evil Dead 2: Dead by Dawn (1987), and Army of Darkness (1992). Raimi's more mainstream film Darkman (1990) brought together elements of gothic horror and characters (the Invisible Man, the Wolf Man, and the Phantom of the Opera) and featured Liam Neeson as the tortured, vengeful, and disfigured scientist Peyton "Darkman" Westlake. He also directed the major blockbuster Spider-Man (2002) with the comic-book super-hero Spider-Man/Peter Parker (Tobey Maguire) battling his evil nemesis, the Green Goblin/Norman Osborn (Willem Dafoe). Director Raimi's sequel was equally successful both critically and at the box-office: Spider-Man 2 (2004) with a villainous Dr. Octopus (Alfred Molina).

Tim Burton:

Tim Burton contributed his unique and original vision to the horror genre with a number of imaginative films including the horror/comedy Beetlejuice (1988), two Batman films (the blockbuster original Batman (1989) and a sequel Batman Returns (1992)), the fantasy/horror film Edward Scissorhands (1990) about a boy/creature with blades for fingers, and the musical and macabre The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) - with superb stop-motion animation in a tale about the saving of Christmas by Jack Skellington. Burton's biographical horror film Ed Wood (1994) included scenes with an aging Bela Lugosi (played by Oscar-winning Martin Landau), and his light-hearted, campy, escapist satire about Martian invaders titled Mars Attacks! (1996) spoofed disaster, science fiction, and monster films all at once. The famed director also retold and updated the famous Washington Irving legendary fable of The Headless Horseman in his Sleepy Hollow (1999) with Johnny Depp as Ichabod Crane.

Remakes of Classic Vampire, Wolfman, and Frankenstein Films in the 80s and 90s:

An American Werewolf in London - 1981Classic Wolfman, Dracula/Vampire, and Frankenstein films were also resurrected and refashioned in the 80s and 90s with bigger budgets and stars. A few of the more accomplished but cliched horror films involving werewolves included John Landis' An American Werewolf in London (1981) (re-made as An American Werewolf in Paris (1997) in the setting of Paris), Joe Dante's horror/comedy The Howling (1981), and Mike Nichols' Wolf (1994) with Jack Nicholson as the afflicted individual - these films featured stunning metamorphosis sequences of man-into-wolf, elements that are now standard procedure for such films. Other recent werewolf films included: Michael Wadleigh's classic werewolf film Wolfen (1981), Neil Jordan's fairy tale-monster film The Company of Wolves (1984), Silver Bullet (1985) - an adaptation of Stephen King's Cycle of the Werewolf, the spoof Teen Wolf (1985) with Back to the Future's Michael J. Fox - and its sequel Teen Wolf Too (1987).

Frank Langella recreated his Broadway role and starred as the famed but tragically-anguished Count in Dracula (1979), and in the same year, the vampire myth was spoofed in the campy Love at First Bite (1979) with George Hamilton. And then Tony Scott filmed the glossy lesbian/vampire tale The Hunger (1983) that starred Catherine Deneuve and Susan Sarandon. The campy teen/horror spoof Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992) cast Kristy Swanson as the improbable cheerleader and Valley Girl mall queen chosen to challenge LA vampires. The popular TV series of the same name, with high-school vampire slayer Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) perpetuated the vampire myth - it was set in her hometown of Sunnydale, conveniently located above the Hellmouth.

Writer/director Stephen Sommers resurrected The Mummy as a horror creature in his two cliff-hanger Mummy action films: The Mummy (1999) and The Mummy Returns (2001), starring Brendan Fraser as the character of legionnaire Rick O'Connell - a take-off on Indiana Jones, with a pretty but inept Egyptologist archaeologist Evelyn Carnahan (Rachel Weisz), and the 3,000-year-old mummified corpse of vengeful high priest Imhotep (Arnold Vosloo). The series' third film, The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008), directed by Rob Cohen (but produced by franchise founder Stephen Sommers), focused on the resurrected terra cotta "mummy" of evil and ruthless Dragon Emperor Han (Jet Li), as the series moved to the Far East and China. The film co-starred Michelle Yeoh (as ancient witch Zi Juan) and Maria Bello replaced Weisz in the role of Evelyn. A spin-off character from The Mummy Returns (2001), the Scorpion King, appeared in another film, Chuck Russell's The Scorpion King (2002), with professional wrestler Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson in the title role. Sommers also wrote and directed the big-budget Van Helsing (2004), featuring Hugh Jackman as the legendary monster hunter who battles not one but three classic creatures: The Wolf Man, Count Dracula and Frankenstein's Monster. The film contained compelling CG special effects, including three half-naked vampires.

Other classic horror tales remade on celluloid in the 80s and afterwards included:

Other Notable Horror Films in the 80s and 90s:

Inventive fantasies with Gothic plots included:

British writer/director Clive Barker made his directorial debut with the graphically grisly Hellraiser (1987) featuring nasty Cenobites, followed by innumerable sequels. Another British director, Bernard Rose, made the nightmarish fantasy Paperhouse (1989) and directed Clive Barker's terrifying, violent tale Candyman (1992) about a reincarnated, hook-handed, formerly-tortured and murdered slave nicknamed "Candyman" who enticed female urban legends researcher Helen Lyle (Virginia Madsen) to "Be my victim."

The Silence of the Lambs - 1991In 1990, Kathy Bates won the Best Actress Oscar for her portrayal of a sick celebrity fan in Misery (1990), based on another Stephen King novel. The first film to feature the evil psychiatrist Hannibal Lecter was Michael Mann's slick Manhunter (1986). Respectability was awarded to the horror film genre when director Jonathan Demme's shocking horror/thriller The Silence of the Lambs (1991), starring Anthony Hopkins as the murderous 'Hannibal the Cannibal' and Jodie Foster as a vulnerable FBI agent, walked away with five major Academy Awards - a clean sweep. Further derivations of the original films included Ridley Scott's Hannibal (2001) and Brett Ratner's prequel Red Dragon (2002) - a remake of Manhunter.

Cape Fear (1991), a Martin Scorsese remake of the early 60's classic with Robert Mitchum as a psychopathic stalker, starred Oscar-nominated Robert DeNiro as a creepy, Freddy Krueger-like paroled convict. The disturbing Jacob's Ladder (1990) featured a Vietnam vet (Tim Robbins) troubled with nightmares due to possible military experiments with LSD and other family traumas. In 1992, the controversial suspense/erotic thriller Basic Instinct (1992) produced pure horror in its story of a beautiful, bi-sexual murder suspect. David Fincher's thriller-horror film Se7en (1995) followed two NY homicide cops (Morgan Freeman and Brad Pitt) as they tracked down a serial killer (Kevin Spacey) known for displaying the 'seven deadly sins' at his murder scenes.

A few other horror films in the mid-1990s surprised the industry with their phenomenal success and return to slasher themes. Each of them provided an attractive and hip young cast: The Craft (1996) about schoolgirls dabbling in witchcraft and black magic, Wes Craven's horror/thriller Scream (1996) (see above), and I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), about teens covering up a fatal hit-and-run accident - with expected horrific results.

The end of the century's low-budget docu-horror The Blair Witch Project (1999) was filmed as an expressionistic, hand-held video and captured the public's attention with its suggestive and understated horror. Similarly, M. Night Shyamalan's ghost story The Sixth Sense (1999) created suspense without the typical formulaic and explicit elements of most slasher films. Director Mark Pellington's X-Files like The Mothman Prophecies (2002), starring Richard Gere and Laura Linney, was a psychological thriller/horror film based on a legendary 'true' creature with mothlike features and red eyes in Point Pleasant, WV.

Lucrative Horror Film Retreads in the New Century:

One of the trends in the popular genre of horror films was to remake Japanese horror films, culminating in retreads of successful foreign classics. The most effective, intelligent and stylish horror film of the new decade was Gore Verbinski's The Ring (2002) - a modern-day, gothic horror classic, a remake of the Japanese horror flick Ringu (1998). Other horror films were retreads of successful foreign classics (i.e., The Grudge (2004) (with two sequels in 2006 and 2009) and Dark Water (2005)).

Film making studios realized that lucrative profits could be scored by cheaply remaking, adapting, or 're-treading' classic TV shows or most prominently horror films. Horror became one of the most profitable genre franchises in the new century - these films were low cost to produce; didn't require much originality, big-name (and salary) actors or extensive marketing (because of brand-name recognition); and they were capable of attracting large audiences, often ready-made legions of faithful horror-film devotees. One thing most of the films had in common - they were not favorites of the film critics. Many were watered-down, familiar films without any further originality. Examples included:

And horror franchises of this kind could be extended almost indefinitely, for example:

Saw (2004)
Six Saw films (from 2004-2009)
Saw (2004)
Saw II (2005)
Saw III (2006)
Saw IV (2007)
Saw V (2008)
Saw VI (2009)
Hostel (2005)
Two Hostel films (2005 and 2007)
Hostel (2005)
Hostel, Part II (2007)

Scary Movie (2000)
Four Scary Movie parodies (from 2000-2006)
Scary Movie (2000)
Scary Movie 2 (2001)
Scary Movie 3 (2003)
Scary Movie 4 (2006)

It was back and forth as to the highest-grossing horror series in film history. The gory series of 6 Saw films with a total domestic gross of $370.2 million, was neck-to-neck with the Friday the 13th series of 12 films (with a total domestic gross of $380.6 million).

Sadistic Horror of the New Millennium:
I Spit On Your Grave - 1978

Another trend in horror films was to make variations of the sadistic, low-budget "trash" horror Z-films of the 1970's, many of which featured rape-revenge themes, as in Wes Craven's crude The Last House on the Left (1972), and Meir Zarchi's brutal Day of the Woman (1978) (aka I Spit on Your Grave). Others included:

Saw - 2004However, in the new century, film audiences' threshold for sadistic and excessive gore, body mutilation, torture, and sickening violence had already been numbed by years of 'slasher' films, and this new crop of low-budget "trash" horror scarefest films was often tolerated and embraced by horror fans: The so-called "pseudo-snuff films" (dubbed "horror-porn," "torture-chic," "gore-nography," and "claustrophobic cruelty") were accused of being like a "sicko video game" - containing visceral violence and unheard-of human suffering - that severely tested the limits of R ratings.

The Descent (2005)Other male film-makers who were contributing to this new violently-graphic trend included Rob Zombie (with The Devil's Rejects (2005), the sequel to House of 1000 Corpses (2003), and two more Halloween films in 2007 and 2009). Wolf Creek (2005), and Turistas (2006) also did tremendous box-office business compared to their budget costs.

In some ways, the torture stories of the decade's headlines during the 'global war on terror' (waterboarding, Guantanamo, prisoner abuse and torture in the Abu Ghraib prison of Iraq, etc.) were reflected in these films.

A new variation on horror films was the blending of 'chick-flicks' with a traditional horror-adventure film, exemplified by Lions Gate's claustrophic and terrifying The Descent (2005, UK) - one of the first all-female brutal action horror films. This little British production from director Neil Marshall told about six athletic, extreme cave-plunging spelunkers (six unknown actresses) who faced various horrors (predatory humanoid underground dwellers) in the thick darkness of an Appalachian cavern - without any instances of nudity, gratuitous body shots, or sex.

Marketing Horror Films Through New Media's Social Networking:

Paranormal Activity (2009)In the latter half of the decade, Hollywood studios realized that they could leverage the popularity of social networking sites (such as Facebook and Twitter) to market films, encourage positive word-of-mouth, raise awareness, and stimulate ticket sales, by grassroots Internet campaigns and promotions. The new decade's reinvented The Blair Witch Project was the low-budget horror film Paranormal Activity (2009), marketed through 'new media.' Filmed in 2007 in only ten days, it was budgeted at only $15,000.

San Diego filmmaker Oren Peli's film first gained a cult following after being screened at the 2008 Slamdance Film Festival. Then, it was shown - in limited release - in college towns throughout the country at midnight shows. The studio launched a campaign with the Eventful feature developed by a San Diego company known for promoting concerts. With its Internet feature called "Demand It," Paramount asked users -- fans and would-be watchers, to help determine the film's fate and see if it warranted a potential wide-release in additional markets. When one million frenzied fans demanded to see it, the film was expanded to 160 screens, and grossed $7.9 million in box-office revenue, breaking the record for highest grossing weekend ever for a film playing in less than 200 theaters. It went on to become a surprise box office hit, due in part to a grassroots Internet campaign that included a "Tweet Your Scream" promotion using the social networking site Twitter. It eventually made estimated earnings of $107.9 million (to date), an almost 720K% return on investment.


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